G Turkiye

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  • The Ancient City of Myra: Home to Türkiye’s Spectacular Lycian Rock Tombs

    myra demre kale

    Nestled near the modern town of Demre on Türkiye’s Mediterranean coast, the Ancient City of Myra is one of the most remarkable archaeological sites of the ancient Lycian civilization. Famous for its magnificent rock-cut tombs, impressive Roman theatre, and strong connections to early Christianity, Myra attracts thousands of history enthusiasts and travelers each year.

    Set against dramatic limestone cliffs overlooking the fertile Demre plain, Myra offers visitors an unforgettable glimpse into more than 2,000 years of history.

    A Powerful City of Ancient Lycia

    Myra was one of the principal cities of the Lycian League, a federation of prosperous city-states in southwestern Anatolia. Archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement flourished from at least the 5th century BCE, although the area may have been inhabited much earlier.

    Thanks to its strategic location near the Mediterranean Sea, Myra became an important center for trade, politics, and religion. The city reached the height of its prosperity during the Roman period, when it grew into one of the wealthiest and most influential cities in the region.

    Ancient inscriptions, monumental tombs, temples, and public buildings reveal the city’s importance throughout classical antiquity.

    The Magnificent Lycian Rock Tombs

    The highlight of any visit to Myra is its extraordinary collection of Lycian rock-cut tombs, carved high into the towering cliffs overlooking the ancient city.

    These elaborate burial chambers were carved directly into the limestone and designed to resemble wooden houses and temples. The Lycians believed that burying the dead high above the ground would allow their souls to be carried more easily to the heavens by mythical winged creatures.

    Many of the tomb façades feature beautifully preserved columns, relief carvings, decorative pediments, and inscriptions, making them among the finest examples of Lycian funerary architecture found anywhere in Türkiye.

    A short climb allows visitors to admire these remarkable monuments from closer viewpoints while enjoying panoramic views across the archaeological site.

    One of the Best-Preserved Roman Theatres in Türkiye

    At the foot of the cliffs stands Myra’s impressive Roman theatre, considered one of the best-preserved ancient theatres in the country.

    Originally constructed during the Hellenistic period and later expanded under Roman rule, the theatre features:

    • 29 tiers of seating
    • Capacity for approximately 9,000–10,000 spectators
    • Exceptionally preserved stage building
    • Decorative stone reliefs and theatrical masks
    • Excellent acoustics

    The theatre once hosted dramatic performances, public meetings, religious ceremonies, and civic celebrations. Today, it remains one of the architectural highlights of the ancient city and is occasionally used for cultural events and concerts.

    Myra During the Roman and Byzantine Periods

    During the Roman Empire, Myra continued to flourish as an important administrative and commercial center.

    Historical sources record that Germanicus, the adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, visited the city with his wife Agrippina the Elder in the 1st century CE, reflecting Myra’s growing prestige within the Roman world.

    By the 2nd century CE, Myra had become the leading city of Lycia and was granted the status of a metropolitan center.

    Under Byzantine rule, particularly during the 4th and 5th centuries, Myra developed into one of the region’s most important Christian centers, serving as both a religious and administrative capital.

    Saint Nicholas and Early Christianity

    Myra is closely associated with Saint Nicholas, the 4th-century Bishop of Myra, whose generosity and compassion inspired the modern legend of Santa Claus.

    His nearby church in Demre became one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in the Byzantine world and continues to attract visitors from around the globe.

    The city is also linked to Saint Paul, who is believed to have stopped at Myra during one of his missionary journeys while traveling to Rome, as described in the New Testament.

    Visiting the Ancient City Today

    Today, the Ancient City of Myra is one of the most visited archaeological attractions along Türkiye’s Mediterranean coast.

    Visitors can explore:

    • The spectacular Lycian rock tombs
    • The magnificent Roman theatre
    • Ancient inscriptions and relief carvings
    • Roman streets and public buildings
    • Byzantine remains
    • Scenic viewpoints overlooking the Demre plain

    The site is well maintained and easily accessible, making it a popular stop on cultural tours between Antalya, Kaş, Kekova, and Fethiye.

    Nearby Attractions

    A visit to Myra can easily be combined with several nearby attractions, including:

    • The Church of Saint Nicholas in Demre
    • Kekova Island and its famous Sunken City
    • Simena (Kaleköy)
    • Andriake Ancient Harbour
    • Çayağzı Beach
    • The Lycian Way hiking trail

    Why Visit Myra?

    The Ancient City of Myra offers an exceptional combination of history, archaeology, architecture, and religious heritage. From its breathtaking Lycian rock tombs carved into soaring cliffs to its remarkably preserved Roman theatre and its connection with Saint Nicholas, Myra is one of Türkiye’s most rewarding archaeological destinations.

    Whether you are fascinated by ancient civilizations, early Christianity, or simply wish to explore one of the Mediterranean’s most beautiful historical landscapes, Myra promises an unforgettable journey through the rich heritage of ancient Lycia.

  • Transportation in Turkiye

    Turkiye has one of the most comprehensive transportation networks in Europe and the Middle East, making it easy to travel between its vibrant cities, historic landmarks, coastal resorts, and natural attractions. Whether you choose to fly, travel by high-speed train, take an intercity bus, rent a car, or explore by ferry, modern infrastructure allows visitors to move comfortably throughout the country.

    Domestic and International Air Travel

    Flying is the fastest way to travel across Türkiye, particularly between major cities and popular holiday destinations.

    Türkiye is served by numerous international airlines, while Turkish Airlines operates one of the world’s largest route networks, connecting hundreds of destinations across Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the Americas.

    Major international airports include:

    • Istanbul Airport (IST)
    • Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW), Istanbul
    • Ankara Esenboğa Airport (ESB)
    • İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport (ADB)
    • Antalya Airport (AYT)
    • Milas–Bodrum Airport (BJV)
    • Dalaman Airport (DLM)
    • Çukurova International Airport (serving Adana and Mersin)
    • Trabzon Airport (TZX)

    Frequent domestic flights connect nearly every region of the country, making it possible to travel from Istanbul to destinations such as Antalya, Cappadocia, İzmir, Bodrum, Van, Trabzon, and Gaziantep in just a few hours.

    High-Speed and Conventional Rail

    Türkiye has invested heavily in its railway network, including an expanding high-speed rail (YHT) system.

    High-speed trains operate on several major routes, including:

    • Istanbul – Ankara
    • Istanbul – Eskişehir
    • Ankara – Konya
    • Ankara – Sivas
    • Konya – Karaman

    Conventional rail services continue to connect many other cities across the country, while international rail links provide connections with parts of Europe through neighboring countries.

    Train travel offers a comfortable and scenic alternative for visitors who prefer a more relaxed pace.

    Intercity Buses

    Türkiye’s extensive coach network is considered one of the best in Europe. Modern buses connect virtually every city, town, and tourist destination, often operating several departures each day.

    Most long-distance coaches offer:

    • Comfortable reclining seats
    • Air conditioning
    • Complimentary refreshments
    • Wi-Fi on many services
    • Entertainment systems on selected routes
    • Frequent rest stops

    For many destinations not served by rail, intercity buses are the most convenient and economical option.

    Dolmuş and Minibuses

    The dolmuş is a shared minibus or shared taxi operating on fixed routes for fixed fares. It is one of the most popular forms of local transportation throughout Türkiye.

    Dolmuş services are:

    • Affordable
    • Frequent
    • Easy to use
    • Available in cities, towns, and coastal resorts

    Passengers simply signal the driver to stop and pay the fare before leaving the vehicle.

    Ferry Services

    Surrounded by the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye offers an extensive network of passenger and vehicle ferries.

    Popular ferry services include:

    • Crossings between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul
    • Ferries across the Sea of Marmara
    • Coastal routes in the Aegean
    • Services to nearby Greek islands (seasonal)
    • Ferries to Northern Cyprus

    Boat travel provides not only convenient transportation but also spectacular coastal scenery.

    Cruise Ships

    Türkiye is a major destination for Mediterranean cruise itineraries.

    International cruise ships regularly visit ports such as:

    • Istanbul
    • Kuşadası
    • Bodrum
    • Marmaris
    • Antalya

    These ports provide easy access to world-famous attractions including Ephesus, Cappadocia, Pamukkale, and the Turkish Riviera.

    Car Rental and Driving

    Renting a car is an excellent way to explore Türkiye independently, particularly when visiting coastal regions, national parks, rural villages, or archaeological sites.

    The country’s highway network is modern and well maintained, with high-quality motorways linking major cities.

    Drivers should remember that:

    • Traffic drives on the right-hand side.
    • Seat belts are mandatory.
    • Speed limits vary by road type and vehicle.
    • International visitors may need an International Driving Permit, depending on their country of residence.

    While driving in rural areas is generally enjoyable, visitors should remain alert for agricultural vehicles, livestock crossings, cyclists, and changing road conditions, especially in mountainous regions during winter.

    Driving in Major Cities

    Traffic congestion can be significant in large metropolitan areas such as Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir, particularly during morning and evening rush hours.

    Finding parking in busy city centers can also be challenging and expensive.

    For urban sightseeing, many visitors prefer using public transportation, taxis, or ride-hailing services instead of renting a car.

    Taxis

    Licensed taxis are readily available throughout Türkiye and provide a convenient way to travel within cities and towns.

    Most taxis:

    • Operate with taximeters
    • Accept cash, and many now also accept credit or debit cards
    • Can be hailed on the street or booked through mobile applications

    Passengers should ensure that the meter is activated at the beginning of the journey and confirm the estimated route if traveling a longer distance.

    Public Transportation

    Major cities offer efficient public transportation systems that include:

    • Metro lines
    • Trams
    • Light rail
    • Public buses
    • Suburban rail services
    • Funicular railways
    • Ferry services

    Contactless transportation cards are available in many cities, making travel convenient and cost-effective for visitors.

    Cycling and Walking

    Many coastal towns and tourist destinations feature scenic promenades and cycling paths, allowing visitors to explore beaches, marinas, and historic districts at a leisurely pace.

    Historic city centers, including those in Istanbul, Safranbolu, Bursa, and Antalya’s Kaleiçi district, are also ideal for exploring on foot.

    Travel Tips

    To make the most of your journey around Türkiye:

    • Book domestic flights during peak holiday periods in advance.
    • Use high-speed trains where available for fast and comfortable travel.
    • Consider intercity buses for destinations not served by rail.
    • Carry small amounts of cash for local transportation in smaller towns.
    • Use licensed taxis or trusted ride-booking applications.
    • Allow extra travel time in major cities during rush hour.
    • Rent a car if you plan to explore remote coastal areas, mountain villages, or archaeological sites.

    Getting Around with Ease

    From world-class airports and high-speed trains to comfortable coaches, scenic ferry routes, and modern highways, Türkiye offers travelers a safe, efficient, and flexible transportation system. No matter where your journey takes you—from the bustling streets of Istanbul to the turquoise bays of the Mediterranean or the fairy chimneys of Cappadocia—you will find reliable transport options that make exploring this diverse country simple and enjoyable.

  • History of Turkey

    Turkey’s history spans thousands of years and reflects the rise and fall of some of the world’s greatest civilizations. Located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, the lands of modern Turkey have long served as a bridge between continents, cultures, religions, and empires.

    Early Turkic Origins

    The earliest records of the Turkic peoples date back to Central Asia around the second millennium BC. Ancient Chinese sources referred to various Turkic tribes, and the construction of sections of the Great Wall of China was partly intended to defend against nomadic groups from the northern steppes, including early Turkic peoples.

    Over the centuries, Turkic tribes spread across Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, establishing powerful kingdoms and empires. Their migrations shaped the political and cultural landscape of a vast region stretching from Mongolia to Eastern Europe.

    A major turning point came during the 9th and 10th centuries when many Turkic peoples gradually embraced Islam. This transformation gave rise to influential Muslim states such as the Karakhanid Khanate in Central Asia and the Ghaznavid Empire, which extended across present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and northern India.

    Ancient Civilizations of Anatolia

    Long before the arrival of the Turks, Anatolia—also known as Asia Minor—was one of the world’s earliest centers of civilization. Archaeological discoveries reveal continuous human settlement dating back thousands of years, making the region one of humanity’s oldest inhabited landscapes.

    Throughout history, Anatolia was home to numerous remarkable civilizations, including the Hittites, Assyrians, Phrygians, Urartians, Lydians, Ionians, Greeks, Persians, Macedonians, Romans, Byzantines, and many others. Each left behind impressive monuments, cities, and cultural traditions that continue to attract visitors from around the world.

    The Arrival of the Seljuk Turks

    The arrival of the Seljuk Turks dramatically changed the history of Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuks achieved a decisive victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert, opening much of Anatolia to Turkic settlement.

    Following this victory, Turkish principalities spread across the region, gradually transforming its political, cultural, and linguistic identity. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum became the first major Turkish state established in Anatolia, encouraging trade, architecture, scholarship, and Islamic culture.

    As Seljuk authority weakened during the 13th century, Anatolia fragmented into numerous independent principalities known as beyliks.

    Rise of the Ottoman Empire

    Among these principalities was a small frontier state led by Osman I. Founded around 1299, this principality evolved into the Ottoman Empire, one of history’s longest-lasting and most influential empires.

    Over the following six centuries, the Ottomans expanded across southeastern Europe, western Asia, North Africa, and parts of the Arabian Peninsula. At its greatest extent during the 16th and 17th centuries, the empire controlled territories on three continents and governed millions of people from diverse ethnic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds.

    One reason for the empire’s longevity was its relatively flexible administrative system, which allowed various religious communities to preserve many of their traditions while remaining under Ottoman rule.

    The Ottoman period also witnessed remarkable achievements in architecture, literature, science, commerce, and military organization. Magnificent mosques, palaces, bridges, caravanserais, and public baths constructed during this era continue to define the skylines of many Turkish cities.

    The End of the Empire

    By the late 19th century, the Ottoman Empire faced increasing political instability, territorial losses, and economic challenges. These problems intensified during the First World War (1914–1918), in which the empire fought alongside the Central Powers.

    Following its defeat, much of the empire was occupied by Allied forces, and plans were made to partition Ottoman territory. These events sparked the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922), led by Mustafa Kemal, later known as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

    Birth of the Republic

    The successful War of Independence resulted in the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk became the country’s first president and initiated a far-reaching program of political, legal, educational, and social reforms designed to modernize the new nation.

    Among his reforms were the adoption of the Latin alphabet in place of the Arabic script, the introduction of secular laws, modernization of education, equal civil rights for women, and the encouragement of industrial and economic development.

    Women gained the right to vote in municipal elections in 1930 and in national elections in 1934, making Turkey one of the earliest countries in Europe and the Middle East to grant women full political rights.

    Turkey During the Second World War

    Following Atatürk’s death in 1938, İsmet İnönü became the second President of Turkey. During the Second World War, Turkey maintained a policy of neutrality for most of the conflict, carefully balancing relations with both the Allied and Axis powers.

    Turkey formally declared war on Germany and Japan in February 1945, primarily to qualify as a founding member of the United Nations.

    Development of Modern Democracy

    After the war, Turkey gradually transitioned toward a multi-party democratic system. In 1950, the Democrat Party won the country’s first genuinely competitive general election, marking an important milestone in Turkish political history.

    Throughout the second half of the 20th century, Turkey experienced periods of rapid economic growth alongside political instability, including several military interventions. Despite these challenges, democratic institutions continued to evolve.

    Turkey became a member of NATO in 1952 and strengthened its ties with Europe and the Western world while maintaining its strategic importance in the Middle East and the Black Sea region.

    Turkey in the 21st Century

    Today, Turkey is a presidential republic with 81 provinces, and Ankara serves as the nation’s capital. Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, remains the country’s largest city and its principal economic and cultural center.

    Turkey occupies a uniquely strategic location linking Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Its geography, rich cultural heritage, dynamic economy, and historical legacy make it one of the world’s most significant regional powers.

    In recent decades, developments such as the end of the Cold War, the independence of Turkic republics in Central Asia, regional conflicts, migration, and evolving international relations have further increased Turkey’s geopolitical importance.

    As a nation that combines ancient civilizations with modern development, Turkey continues to play a vital role as a bridge between East and West while preserving one of the richest historical and cultural heritages in the world.

  • Are Any Vaccinations Required for Tourists Entering Türkiye?

    vaccine

    For most international travelers, no mandatory vaccinations are required to enter Türkiye. Visitors arriving from Europe, North America, Australia, and many other countries can generally enter the country without presenting proof of routine vaccinations.

    However, travelers arriving from countries where certain infectious diseases—such as yellow fever—are present may be required to provide an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) in accordance with international health regulations. Requirements depend on your country of departure and recent travel history.

    Recommended Routine Vaccinations

    Although no special vaccines are required for most visitors, travelers should ensure that their routine immunizations are up to date before traveling. Health authorities commonly recommend being protected against:

    • Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
    • Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap)
    • Polio
    • Seasonal influenza
    • COVID-19, according to current health guidance

    Depending on your travel plans, duration of stay, and planned activities, your healthcare provider may also recommend vaccinations against:

    • Hepatitis A
    • Hepatitis B
    • Typhoid

    These are generally advised for travelers who plan extended stays, visit rural areas, work closely with local communities, or have specific medical considerations.

    Before You Travel

    Before departing for Türkiye, it is a good idea to:

    • Consult your doctor or a travel health clinic 4–8 weeks before your trip.
    • Ensure your routine vaccinations are current.
    • Pack any prescription medications in their original packaging.
    • Purchase comprehensive travel medical insurance.
    • Carry copies of important medical prescriptions if needed.

    Staying Healthy During Your Visit

    While traveling in Türkiye, simple precautions can help ensure a safe and enjoyable holiday:

    • Drink plenty of water, especially during the hot summer months.
    • Practice good hand hygiene.
    • Eat freshly prepared food from reputable restaurants and cafés.
    • Use sunscreen and stay hydrated when spending time outdoors.
    • Apply insect repellent when visiting wetlands or rural areas during warmer months.

    Where to Find Reliable Health Information

    Health recommendations and entry requirements can change over time. Before traveling, check the latest advice from:

    • The World Health Organization (WHO)
    • Your country’s ministry of health or public health authority
    • Your country’s foreign affairs or travel advisory service

    Travel with Confidence

    Türkiye has a modern healthcare system and excellent medical facilities in major cities and tourist destinations. Since no routine vaccinations are required for most international visitors, preparing for your trip is usually straightforward. Ensuring your routine immunizations are up to date and following basic travel health precautions will help you enjoy a safe, healthy, and memorable visit to Türkiye.

  • Eating Out in Turkey

    Turkey is a paradise for food lovers, offering one of the world’s richest culinary traditions. Influenced by centuries of Ottoman, Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, Balkan, and Anatolian cultures, Turkish cuisine is renowned for its fresh ingredients, bold flavors, and warm hospitality.

    Dining out in Turkey is generally excellent value for money, whether you choose a simple neighborhood café or an elegant waterfront restaurant. Every city and town offers a wide variety of eateries, from traditional lokantas (home-style restaurants) and family-run establishments to modern bistros and fine dining venues.

    For a quick and affordable meal, street food is a popular option. Favorites include döner kebab, dürüm (wraps), lahmacun (often called Turkish pizza), pide, simit, roasted chestnuts, stuffed mussels (midye dolma), and freshly grilled corn. These snacks are filling, inexpensive, and widely available throughout the country.

    A traditional Turkish dinner often begins with a selection of meze—small appetizers such as hummus, stuffed vine leaves, yogurt dips, eggplant salads, and spicy vegetable dishes. The main course may feature one of Turkey’s many famous kebabs, grilled fish, slow-cooked lamb, meatballs (köfte), or regional specialties served with rice, fresh bread, and seasonal vegetables.

    Desserts are equally tempting, with classics including baklava, künefe, lokum (Turkish delight), sütlaç (rice pudding), and a variety of syrup-soaked pastries.

    Traditional Turkish Drinks

    Turkey offers a wide range of beverages to accompany its cuisine.

    Turkish tea (çay) is the country’s national drink and is served throughout the day in homes, cafés, restaurants, and tea gardens. It is traditionally brewed in a double teapot and served in distinctive tulip-shaped glasses.

    Turkish coffee, famous for its rich flavor and unique preparation method, is an essential part of Turkish culture and hospitality. It is slowly brewed in a small copper pot called a cezve and served unfiltered in small cups.

    Refreshing alternatives include ayran, a chilled yogurt drink; freshly squeezed fruit juices; and şalgam, a fermented turnip juice popular in southern Turkey. The country’s traditional alcoholic drink is rakı, an anise-flavored spirit often enjoyed with seafood and meze.

    Turkey also produces a growing selection of quality wines, as well as locally brewed beers that are widely available in restaurants, bars, and supermarkets.

    Restaurant Prices

    Restaurant prices vary depending on the city, neighborhood, and style of dining. Tourist districts and upscale restaurants naturally charge more than local eateries.

    In general:

    • Street food and quick snacks are inexpensive and make an excellent budget-friendly meal.
    • Casual restaurants offer generous portions at reasonable prices.
    • Mid-range restaurants provide excellent value, with complete meals that are often considerably less expensive than in many European countries.
    • Luxury restaurants, especially those overlooking the Bosphorus or located in popular tourist destinations, offer fine dining experiences at higher prices.

    Soft drinks, bottled water, tea, and coffee are inexpensive, while alcoholic beverages generally cost more due to taxation.

    Dining Etiquette

    Turkish hospitality is legendary, and guests are often treated with exceptional warmth. Meals are considered social occasions and are usually enjoyed at a relaxed pace.

    Bread is commonly served before the meal, and sharing dishes is encouraged, particularly when ordering meze. In many restaurants, complimentary tea or small desserts may be offered after the meal as a gesture of hospitality.

    Tipping is appreciated but not obligatory. Leaving around 5–10% of the bill for good service is customary in restaurants, while rounding up the fare is common for taxis and smaller establishments.

    Whether enjoying freshly caught seafood along the Aegean coast, tasting regional specialties in southeastern Anatolia, or sampling street food in Istanbul, dining in Turkey is an unforgettable part of the travel experience.