G Turkiye

Author: tur

  • Geographical statistics about Turkiye

    Turkey is a unique country that spans two continents, serving as a natural bridge between Europe and Asia. Approximately 3% of its territory lies in southeastern Europe, in the region known as Eastern Thrace, while the remaining 97% is situated in Asia, on the Anatolian Peninsula. This strategic location has made Turkey a crossroads of civilizations, cultures, trade routes, and empires for thousands of years.

    Covering an area of approximately 780,574 square kilometers (301,380 square miles), Turkey is one of the largest countries in the Mediterranean region. Its diverse geography, rich cultural heritage, stunning coastlines, and remarkable historical landmarks make it one of the world’s most attractive travel destinations.

    Geography and Natural Beauty

    Turkey’s landscape is extraordinarily diverse, offering everything from golden beaches and turquoise coastlines to high mountains, fertile plains, deep valleys, lakes, and unique geological formations.

    Some of the country’s most famous natural attractions include:

    • Cappadocia, known for its fairy chimneys and hot-air balloon flights.
    • Pamukkale, famous for its white travertine terraces and thermal waters.
    • Mount Ararat, Turkey’s highest peak.
    • Lake Van, the country’s largest lake.
    • The spectacular Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, and Black Sea coastlines.

    Turkey’s varied terrain creates an ideal environment for outdoor activities such as hiking, rafting, sailing, skiing, mountaineering, birdwatching, and nature photography.

    Flora and Fauna

    Turkey possesses one of the richest biodiversities in Europe and the Middle East. Thanks to its varied climate zones and geographical features, the country is home to more than 9,000 plant species, many of which are endemic and found nowhere else in the world.

    Its wildlife includes:

    • Brown bears
    • Wolves
    • Wild boars
    • Foxes
    • Golden eagles
    • Vultures
    • Deer
    • Numerous reptile and amphibian species

    Nature enthusiasts can explore national parks, forests, wetlands, and mountain regions where many species continue to thrive in their natural habitats.

    Climate

    Turkey experiences several distinct climate zones due to its large size and varied topography.

    Mediterranean and Aegean Coasts

    The southern and western coasts enjoy a classic Mediterranean climate characterized by:

    • Hot, dry summers
    • Mild, rainy winters
    • More than 300 sunny days annually in many areas

    Popular resorts such as Antalya, Bodrum, and Marmaris attract visitors throughout the year.

    Black Sea Region

    The northern coast experiences:

    • Higher rainfall
    • Mild temperatures
    • Lush green forests and tea plantations

    Central Anatolia

    The interior plateau has:

    • Hot summers
    • Cold, snowy winters
    • Continental climate conditions

    Eastern Anatolia

    The eastern provinces experience:

    • Long, cold winters
    • Significant snowfall
    • Cooler summers due to higher elevations

    Tourism and Travel

    Turkey welcomes millions of visitors every year thanks to its unique combination of history, culture, nature, and affordability.

    Major attractions include:

    • Hagia Sophia
    • Blue Mosque
    • Topkapi Palace
    • Ephesus
    • Göbekli Tepe
    • Troy

    Turkey is often considered one of the best-value destinations in Europe and the Mediterranean, offering high-quality accommodation, transportation, dining, and entertainment at competitive prices.

    Government and Political System

    Turkey is officially known as the Turkey.

    Key Historical Dates

    • Formation of the Grand National Assembly: 23 April 1920
    • Proclamation of the Republic: 29 October 1923

    The modern republic was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

    Capital and Largest City

    • Capital: Ankara
    • Largest City: Istanbul

    Population and Economy

    As of the end of 2023, Turkey’s population was estimated at approximately 85.4 million people.

    The Turkish economy is among the largest in the region and is based on:

    • Agriculture
    • Manufacturing
    • Mining
    • Construction
    • Trade
    • Tourism
    • Transportation
    • Technology and services

    Tourism remains one of the country’s most important sources of foreign revenue.

    Religion and Culture

    The majority of Turkey’s population identifies as Muslim, predominantly Sunni Islam, while the country also hosts various religious communities and cultural traditions.

    Turkey’s cultural identity reflects influences from:

    • Anatolian civilizations
    • Greek heritage
    • Roman and Byzantine traditions
    • Seljuk culture
    • Ottoman civilization
    • Modern European influences

    This rich blend is evident in Turkish architecture, cuisine, music, arts, and daily life.

    Practical Information for Visitors

    Category Information
    Official Name Republic of Turkey
    Capital Ankara
    Largest City Istanbul
    Area 780,574 km²
    Population (2023) Approximately 85.4 million
    Official Language Turkish
    Currency Turkish Lira
    Internet Domain .tr
    Country Calling Code +90
    Electricity 220 Volts, 50 Hz
    Main Industries Agriculture, Industry, Mining, Tourism
    Health Certificates Generally not required; travelers should check current regulations before departure
    Airport Departure Tax Included in airline ticket pricing

    Why Visit Turkey?

    Turkey offers an extraordinary combination of natural beauty, ancient history, modern cities, warm hospitality, and excellent value for money. Whether exploring the bustling streets of Istanbul, relaxing on the turquoise coast, discovering ancient ruins, hiking through mountain landscapes, or experiencing authentic Turkish culture, visitors will find a destination unlike any other.

    From the shores of the Mediterranean to the mountains of Eastern Anatolia, Turkey remains one of the most fascinating and diverse countries in the world.

  • There is no need for any experience or training to do rafting

    There is no need for any experience or training to do rafting

    Turkey is one of the world’s emerging destinations for adventure tourism, offering spectacular landscapes, pristine rivers, and unforgettable outdoor experiences. As interest in nature-based tourism continues to grow, environmentally friendly sports have become increasingly popular among travelers seeking excitement while preserving the natural world. Among these activities, rafting stands out as one of the most thrilling and rewarding adventures.

    Combining teamwork, physical endurance, strategy, and a deep connection with nature, rafting allows participants to challenge powerful river currents while experiencing some of the most beautiful and untouched landscapes on Earth.

    The Spirit of Rafting

    Human beings have always been fascinated by rivers. For thousands of years, rivers have provided water, transportation, food, and inspiration for civilizations. Today, they also offer adventure seekers the opportunity to test their skills against one of nature’s most powerful forces.

    Modern rafting is practiced using inflatable boats made from durable materials and typically accommodates groups of four to twelve participants. Success depends not only on physical strength but also on teamwork, coordination, quick decision-making, and mental resilience.

    Equipped with life jackets, helmets, and paddles, rafters navigate turbulent waters, powerful rapids, and challenging river passages. The sense of accomplishment that comes from conquering a river’s wild currents and reaching the finish point is one of the sport’s greatest rewards.

    Beyond the excitement, rafting offers participants a unique opportunity to explore remote landscapes, hidden valleys, dramatic canyons, and untouched natural environments that are often inaccessible by other means.

    Rafting and Sustainable Tourism

    One of rafting’s greatest advantages is its minimal environmental impact. Unlike many tourism developments that require extensive construction and infrastructure, rafting relies primarily on natural waterways and responsible outdoor recreation.

    As a result, rafting promotes:

    • Nature conservation awareness
    • Sustainable tourism development
    • Protection of river ecosystems
    • Local economic growth
    • Environmentally responsible travel

    For this reason, rafting has become an important component of Turkey’s adventure tourism industry.

    Turkey’s Best Rafting Rivers

    Turkey is blessed with numerous rivers suitable for rafting, kayaking, and canoeing. Some of the country’s most famous rafting destinations include:

    Black Sea Region

    • Coruh River
    • Firtina River
    • Berta River
    • Barhal River
    • Oltu River
    • Harsit River

    Mediterranean Region

    • Goksu River
    • Koprucay River
    • Manavgat River
    • Dragon River
    • Cehennem Stream

    Among all these rivers, the Coruh River is widely considered Turkey’s premier rafting destination and one of the world’s most exciting white-water rivers.

    Rafting on the Çoruh River

    Flowing through the dramatic landscapes of northeastern Turkey, the Coruh River is internationally recognized as one of the fastest-flowing rivers in the world and one of the finest rafting destinations in Europe.

    Originating in the Mescit Mountains at an elevation of approximately 3,225 meters, the river travels nearly 466 kilometers before crossing into Georgia and eventually reaching the Black Sea.

    Its powerful currents, steep canyons, and breathtaking scenery attract rafting enthusiasts, kayakers, trekkers, and nature lovers from around the globe.

    A Valley Rich in Nature and Culture

    The Coruh Valley is not only an adventure destination but also a region rich in cultural heritage and natural beauty.

    Picturesque villages and small towns line the riverbanks, preserving centuries-old traditions and showcasing a unique blend of Eastern Anatolian and Black Sea cultures.

    The surrounding mountains, forests, and alpine landscapes create one of Turkey’s most spectacular natural environments.

    The Kackar Mountains

    Many visitors combine rafting with trekking in the magnificent Kackar Mountains, one of Turkey’s most important mountain ranges.

    Popular access points include:

    • Yaylalar Village
    • Olgunlar Village
    • Dilberduzu Camp Area

    Dilberduzu serves as an excellent base camp for climbers attempting to reach the summit of Kackar Mountain, which rises to approximately 3,937 meters above sea level.

    Local guides and pack animals are available for hire, making the area accessible to a wide range of visitors.

    Exceptional Wildlife

    The Coruh Valley remains one of Turkey’s most pristine natural habitats.

    The region supports an extraordinary variety of wildlife, including:

    Mammals

    • Brown bears
    • Mountain goats
    • Wild boars
    • Wolves
    • Jackals
    • Foxes
    • Badgers
    • Martens
    • Hares

    Birds

    • Red vultures
    • Golden orioles
    • Partridges
    • Wild ducks
    • Woodcocks
    • Doves
    • Pigeons
    • Various migratory bird species

    The cliffs along the river are particularly important nesting sites for rare and endangered birds of prey.

    The Classic Coruh Rafting Route

    The traditional rafting expedition follows approximately 260 kilometers of river from Bayburt through Ispir and Yusufeli to Artvin.

    Bayburt – Ispir (0–106 km)

    The journey often begins near Dikmetaş Bridge outside Bayburt.

    Highlights

    • Ideal camping locations
    • Gentle to moderate rapids
    • Scenic mountain landscapes
    • Suitable introduction to the river

    Difficulty Level

    Class II–III

    Average Duration

    Approximately three days

    Popular campsites include:

    • Dikmetas Bridge
    • Aslandede
    • Laleli

    Camping areas are available near İspir for overnight stays and resupplying.

    Ispir – Camlikaya (106–134 km)

    This section introduces more technical rapids and stronger currents.

    Difficulty Level

    Class III–V

    Highlights

    • Challenging white water
    • Mountain scenery
    • Riverside camping areas
    • Freshwater springs

    The route requires greater experience and careful navigation.

    CamlIkaya – Tekkale (134–178 km)

    As the river flows onward, fertile agricultural landscapes appear along the banks.

    Visitors pass:

    • Rice fields
    • Fruit orchards
    • Vegetable gardens
    • Traditional villages

    Difficulty Level

    Class III–V

    Attractions

    • Historic watchtowers
    • Village culture
    • Trout fishing opportunities
    • Medieval Georgian churches

    One notable excursion is the historic Dört Kilise (Four Churches), an important medieval Georgian religious complex located in the mountains above Tekkale.

    Tekkale – Artvin (178–261 km)

    This is the most demanding and exhilarating portion of the expedition.

    Near Yusufeli, several tributaries join the Coruh, significantly increasing water volume and speed.

    Difficulty Level

    Class III–V+

    King Kong Rapid

    The most famous section of the river is the legendary “King Kong” rapid.

    This approximately 100-meter stretch features:

    • Massive waves
    • Powerful currents
    • Sharp boulders
    • Extremely fast-moving water

    Rated Class V+, King Kong is considered one of the most challenging white-water rapids in Europe and should only be attempted by experienced rafting teams under appropriate conditions.

    Final Canyon Section

    Near Artvin, the river enters a dramatic canyon approximately three kilometers long before gradually calming toward the end of the route.

    International White-Water Classification System

    Rafting rivers are classified according to their level of difficulty.

    Class I

    Easy water with small waves and minimal obstacles.

    Class II

    Moderate rapids with straightforward routes and occasional rocks.

    Class III

    Strong currents, larger waves, and technical maneuvers requiring experience.

    Class IV

    Powerful rapids with unpredictable conditions, dangerous rocks, and demanding navigation.

    Class V

    Extremely difficult rapids featuring high-speed currents, large drops, and significant hazards.

    Class VI

    Considered virtually impassable and suitable only for expert exploration under exceptional circumstances.

    Essential Safety Guidelines

    Safety is the most important aspect of rafting.

    Participants should always:

    • Wear approved life jackets
    • Use protective helmets
    • Wear suitable river shoes
    • Follow guide instructions carefully
    • Paddle as part of a coordinated team
    • Understand river conditions before departure

    Protective eyewear and additional safety equipment may also be recommended depending on weather and river conditions.

    Organized Rafting Tours

    Because rafting involves technical challenges and safety considerations, participants are strongly encouraged to join professionally organized tours operated by licensed adventure tourism agencies.

    Professional guides provide:

    • Safety briefings
    • Technical instruction
    • Equipment
    • River navigation expertise
    • Emergency support

    This ensures both a safer and more enjoyable rafting experience.

    The Great Adventure of Turkey

    From the roaring rapids of the Coruh River to the scenic waterways of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, rafting in Turkey offers an unparalleled combination of adventure, natural beauty, and cultural discovery.

    Whether you are an experienced white-water enthusiast or a first-time adventurer, Turkey’s rivers provide unforgettable experiences that combine excitement, teamwork, and a deep appreciation for nature. For those seeking the ultimate outdoor challenge, rafting on the Coruh River remains one of the most thrilling and rewarding adventures in the country.

  • The oriental experience of the Turkish Bath, HAMMAM in the 21st century

    Take some time out to treat yourself with a rubdown and soap massage for a therapeutic and curative process, all thoroughly Turkish – not forgetting how relaxed, refreshed, and stimulated you will feel afterwards. The tradition of the Turkish bath is still a common practice in Turkey despite the proliferation of modern domestic baths, saunas, and Jacuzzis. On entering a hamam, choose between the “full monty” or a simpler experience of taking a bath in the marble chamber. In both cases, you will change into a “pestemal” (a type of sarong) leaving your clothes and valuables in a locker.

    As in the Oriental custom, first let your skin soften up in the heat of the steam, and then pour water over your body from a jug. There is no bathtub in a hamam, but a basin and a seat made of pure marble. Before soaping yourself, you will have a rub-down with a ‘kese’ (an abrasive cloth) which takes off a layer of your skin! Then you can enjoy the soaping which can now thoroughly penetrate your pores. A hamam attendant will help you throughout this process for a pampering experience. Don’t be surprised if, you fall asleep during the process.

    Afterwards don’t rush to have a cold drink, but choose a warm drink instead to equalise your body temperature and water balance. The very first examples of public baths were found in the Indus Valley the baths of Mohenjo Daro of about 5000 years ago. In ancient Egypt, priests washed themselves four times a day in cold water. The Ancient Sumerians had bathing facilities in which they built vertical drains leading from bathing rooms and had a large swimming pool constructed in the centre.

    Bathing in Greece as evidenced in Homer’s description was brought by Menelaus from the East. Elaborate sweat baths were seen in Roman civilisations where men and women bathed at different sections at different times. The Turkish bath (Hamam), similar to that of Roman times,usually has two symmetrical sections for men and women in one building. There are large and comfortable sofas in the dressing room. After warming the body, one enters the central part of the hamam where the heat is at a maximum.

    The original system depended on an upside-down cauldron placed in a large pool and the inside of the cauldron functioned as an oven heating the whole area through pipes under the floor and inside the walls. There was no chimney, and the smoke exited through this canal system. The hamams that have survived up to the present are mostly Ottoman examples, though some belong to the Seljuk period. Since the early stages of history, the main reason for taking a bath remains to be a ceremonial purification rather than just getting clean.

    The custom of washing for cleanliness is thought to have developed later, as people originally washed more for ceremonial reasons than for hygiene. It is interesting to note that due to the Christians condemnation of self indulgence, antipathy to bathing remained for a long time in Europe as opposed to the cleanliness of the Moslems. The Crusaders returningfrom the war introduced the Turkish bath to Europe. At the same time, Englishmen residing in India and Turkey returned with a habit of daily bathing.

    In 1862, David Urquart, whose life in the East had convinced him of the value of the Turkish steam bath, introduced the idea in London and thus it became an institution in the West. Later, European colonies took their attitude on bathing to America where it was taken to an extreme.

  • Hunting in Turkey

    hunter turkey

    Geographic structure of Turkey, is appropriate for development of hunt tourism in connection with its plant cover and wild life. Hunting grounds, which will be opened to hunting tourism with considering the hunting animals potential of our country, are determined and announced by Ministry of Environment and Forests (National Parks, Hunting and Wild Life General Directorate).

    Foreign tourist hunters, can hunt with Hunting Tousim Permission Certificate, issued to A Class Tourism Agencies by Ministry of Forest. Also, foreign tourist hunters can only hunt species, breed and set free here within private hunting grounds approved by Ministry of Forest, National Parks and Hunt – wild Life General Directorate.

    Foreign tourist hunters, who can hunt by means of Tourism Agencies, according to the related decision of MAK (Central Hunt Commission) and regulation related with the application of 6136 Numbered Law, can bring their hunting guns and accessories together with them.

    In Hunting Permission Certificates; name, surname, nationality of the hunter who will participate hunting party, dates and customs offices, when and where he will enter and exit our country, hunting grounds, dates of hunt and hunting animal species and numbers that he can hunt, are mentioned.

    Hunting Animals Allowed for Hunting in Turkey
    Wild animals allowed for hunting in Turkey are determined each year according to their species and hunting periods. These changes are determined by the decesions of the Central Hunting Commision which has been organized each year. Bear, hook horned mountain goat (samua), wild goat (Bezoar), wild boar, lynx, wolf, jackal, fox, from big hunting animals, are served against its value to usage of national and foreign hunters under hunting tourism title. Hunting of hunting animals except these can only be possible within special hunting grounds. Foreign hunters can not hunt hunting animals except above mentioned animals outside special grounds.

    Research On Hunting Species
    In order to research animal species, activities of foreign researchers, who will come to Turkey and submission of applications made on this matter to related authorities under a certain procedure is also performed by Ministry of Forest, National Parks and Hunting – Wild Life General Directorate. In case of finding appropriate after investigation of application demands by required official authorities, research permission under certain conditions is given. Under research study, sampling from wild animals and getting egg, etc. production materials to outside of country is not permitted.

  • Popular Activities in Turkey

    rafting turkey

    Popular Activities in Turkey

    Hot Air Ballooning,
    Fishing,
    Hunting,
    Rafting,
    Biking,
    Golf,
    Mountainering,
    Skiing,
    Scuba Diving,
    Camping